A spectacular probe into French tycoon Vincent Bollore over suspected graft in Africa marks a rare exception among corporate titans doing business south of the Sahara.
Mr Bollore – charged on Wednesday over contracts to operate ports in Guinea and Togo – is by far the most prominent business leader to be investigated in France for suspicious activities in Africa.
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Campaigners have hailed the development as a break from decades of judicial indifference or nods and winks from the government over dubious deals in the former French colonies.
The investigation stems largely from laws that are less than 18 months old. The so-called Sapin II Law, passed in December 2016, compels French firms to take preventive steps against graft.
It also beefs up measures dating back to 2000 that enable punishment of corrupt practices used to win public contracts abroad.
Under Sapin II, “corruption is punishable in all circumstances and in any place, even if it is a crime committed abroad”, said Thierry Dal Farra, director of the public business law department in UGGC Avocats, a large Paris-based firm of attorneys.
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The tougher legislation came after years of criticism by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and specialised NGOs which accused France of turning a blind eye to corporate corruption abroad.
The Bollore probe breaks new ground in France – but the United States already goes much further.
Its prosecutors are empowered to pursue non-American companies for economic crimes committed outside US soil – such cases often culminate in hefty fines.
If France is a European example of tighter regulation, ferocious competition from China – the main trading partner of the African continent – is deemed a hurdle to abolishing bad practices.
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“Emerging nations that will take decades to incorporate ethical concerns into their search for market share are a major obstacle,” said William Bourbon, head of an anti-corruption association called Sherpa.
“The most stereotypical are the Chinese, who intimidate the entire world and who, when it comes to corruption in Africa, act with complete impunity,” he told AFP.
Already losing ground, French companies in Africa face seeing their share of contracts threatened by potentially unfair competition.
“We would really like everybody to play by the same ground rules. We need competitors who are subject to the same requirements, shared regulations and reciprocity,” said a spokesman for MEDEF, France’s principal employers’ organisation.
Last week, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) announced the adoption of new guidelines providing for more systematic assessment of corruption in its 189 members, stressing that bad practice undermines growth, investment, and tax revenue.
Many African countries languish among the bottom ranks of the annual Corruption Perceptions Index compiled by Transparency International.
“What matters most is for African governments to adopt a practice of zero tolerance concerning corruption. If this is done, wherever investors come from, they will have to abide by the laws,” said Samuel Kaninda, African regional adviser for Transparency International.
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“The problem is not a lack of legal instruments (in Africa),” he added. “It is that the institutions that fight against corruption suffer from a lack of independence at the political level.”
South Africa recently reopened legal proceedings against a subsidiary of French arms manufacturer Thales.